2^nd International Conference on Pediatric Neurology August 30-31, 2017 Prague, Czech Republic

The study of the structure and function of the brain and its relative diseases is known as Neuropsychopathology. These studies basically relate to specific psychological processes and behaviors. Understanding the behavior and cognition which is influenced by the specific functioning of the brain and the relative diagnosis and treatment of behavioral and cognitive effects of neurological disorders is what this experimental field of study aims at. The term has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied to efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells in higher primates.

The nervous system is mainly divided into Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System. The Central Nervous System (CNS) being the major division consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord. Disorders of the CNS can be brought under a huge listing of conditions related to brain not functioning properly, limitation of health and functionality of organs. These conditions develop due to brain damage as a result of stroke, brain cancer, infections, genetic alterations etc. The complexity of the Central Nervous System presents unique challenges for developing novel therapies but early diagnosis and proper treatment can ease the severity of the consequences.

Apart from the CNS, all the other nervous system structures like nerves and ganglia which do not lie within the CNS, comes under the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the rest of the body, i.e. the limbs and organs and act as a relaying partner for communication to go back and forth from the brain and the spinal cord to the other parts of the body. The PNS is divided into Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems. As we know, the CNS is protected by the bone of spine and skull or by the blood-brain barrier but the PNS remains unprotected in the body and exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries.

Pediatric Peripheral Neuropathy is related to damaged or disease affecting nerves in children. Due to peripheral neuropathy further complications may arise like impairment of sensation, movement, gland or organ function or other aspects of health. These complications depend highly on the type of nerve which has been affected. Common causes include systemic diseases (such as diabetes or leprosy), vitamin deficiency, medication, traumatic injury, radiation therapy, excessive alcohol consumption, immune system disease or viral infection. It can also be genetic or idiopathic.

Any condition that is caused by a dysfunction in part of the brain or nervous system which results in physical and/or psychological symptoms can be categorized under Neurologic disorders. Neurological disorders occurring at an age from preterm neonatal to late adolescence (19-21 years old) are pediatric neurological disorders. Brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy and stroke are the most common ones which come under a huge list of more than 600 diseases of the nervous system. Among them many are hereditary which is a result of genetic mutations in the genes of the individual and can be passed on to the next generation.

Neuromuscular diseases affect the lower motor neurons of the nervous system, which may include the muscles, nerves, or the junction between muscles and nerves (known as a neuromuscular junction). These nerves control the voluntary muscles like in arms and legs. Messages to control these muscles are sent through neurons and when those neurons become unhealthy or die out, communication between the nervous system and muscles fail and the functionality of the muscles ceases to exist. As a result, the weakened muscles lead to twitching, cramps, pains, aches, and joint and movement problems.

Over the past three decades the numbers of brain physicians have been steadily increasing, psychiatrists more so than neurologists. By the end of 2002, 893 certified psychiatrists were registered which corresponds to roughly one psychiatrist per 9.000 inhabitants. Mental illnesses which remain untreated can lead to various other problems like unemployment, family breakdown, homelessness and suicide. The burden of these problems extends beyond the individual to family and friends. In Europe, the second cause of disability-adjusted life years is mental illness or Neuropsychiatric disorders. About 27% of the adult population had experienced at least one of a series of mental disorders which includes problems arising from substance use, psychosis, depression, anxiety and eating disorders. Mental illness affects people of all ages, with a significant impact on many young people.

The term psychiatry or psychological disorder means a mental disorder or illness that interferes with the way a person behaves, interacts with others, and functions in his/her daily life. Psychiatric disorders are also sometimes known as mental health disorders or mental health illnesses. More often than not, psychiatric problems go unnoticed and undiagnosed in patients basically children. All children get into mischief a few times but some may have transitory conduct issues because of push. For instance, the introduction of a kin, a separation, or demise in the family may bring about a kid to carry on. These disorders range from normal behavioural & mood to violent actions. Conduct issue are more genuine. They include examples of antagonistic, forceful, or troublesome practices. This conduct is additionally not proper for the kid's age.

Movement disorders in childhood are caused by a large number of genetic and heterodegenerative diseases. Pediatric movement disorders can be considered as one of the relatively new and growing field of child neurology. Advances have been made in this field towards diagnosing the genetic cause of the diseases, evaluating the treatment efficacy and solidifying the definitions to spread more knowledge to the common man.

Neurodevelopmental diseases in children occur due to the deterioration of the growth and development of the Brain and Central Nervous System. Significant mental, emotional, physical, and economic consequences occur for individuals who suffer from neurodevelopmental diseases. When we come down to neurodevelopmental diseases, multiple causes can be taken into consideration like genetic disorders, deprivation, Immune dysfunction, metabolic disorders, nutrition, trauma or infectious diseases.

Pediatric Neuron Peripheral Disorders may occur due to the impairments in the nerves of the peripheral nervous system. These disorders are mostly related to genetic differences caused by various mutations of the genes and so are generally hereditary. The complexity of the genetic information and opposition for diagnosis and testing of the genetic deformations have kept treatment of these diseases in their primary stages. If proper genetic counselling and appropriate and quality diagnosis is done then development of targeted treatments and prevention approaches are not far.

Spinal neurology can be focussed on the diseases and injuries of the spine. The human spine consists of 33 bones (Vertebrae) which are connected by ligaments and muscles. It is a rigid self-supporting structure of the body. It runs from the base of the skull to the pelvis. The vertebra is divided into different regions: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. Each of the regions has its own set of functions to perform. An intervertebral disc separates and cushions each vertebra in the spine. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord which transmits signals back and forth between the body and the spinal cord. Damage to Spine could seriously impair the ability of ones control over sensation and movement.

Neurons are electrically excited nerve cells that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals within the human body. These electrical and chemical signals by the neurons are transmitted with the help of synapses which are specialized connections with other cells. Neurons can connect to each other to form neural networks. Neurons are the core components of the brain and spinal cord of the Central Nervous System (CNS), and of the ganglia of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are at least eventually very dangerous and life-threatening. Cancers of children are quite different from their adult versions. They appear in different locations and behave differently than the cancers of adults. Among children under the age of 15, even though rare, brain tumors are the most common form of solid tumors and they represent about 20% of all childhood cancers. Treatment options vary and can be strongly influenced by the age of the child. According to statistics, most pediatric brain and spine tumors are primary tumors. That is they are originated in the brain or spine. Primary tumors are classified as “benign” or “malignant” and both can be life-threatening.

The visual representation of structure and function of the brain and nervous system is called as Neuroimaging. It is a method for diagnosis of various diseases of the nervous system. Techniques such as CT, MRI and PET come under the diagnostic tools of neuroimaging. According to the world market for Point of Care (POC) diagnostics by June 2, 2015 is $4,200 billion is the investment in neuroimaging. This track basically focuses the studies on Neuroinformatics, Neural Simulation, Neural coding, Structural Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics, Clinical Research Informatics, Neuromorphic Computing, Radiation Toxicity and Sickness, Interventional radiology, Big Data Analysis, Psychiatric Brain.

The human nervous system is a very complex structure and evaluating and diagnosing nervous system problems can be a very tough job. Among different disorders, many of the same symptoms may occur in different ways which makes it very complicated to actually find out which portion of the system is having what problem. Also, many disorders are there which do not have clear causes, markers or tests for diagnosing. Technological advancements have brought with it various kinds of instruments and methods with the help of which proper diagnosis of an illness can be done.

With the advancement of technology, the present day scenario gives us various opportunities to develop novel therapies with the help of stem cells. The remarkable potential of stem cells to develop into any type of cell in the body during early life and growth Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. Regenerative Neurology aims to encourage regeneration of the damaged nervous system to restore function.

Neuropsychotherapy is a branch of medicine which deals with the mental disorders attributable to diseases. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, Addictive Disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Dissociative disorder, Pediatric Psychiatry, Adolescent Psychiatry are few of the disorders whose therapeutics comes under Neuropsychotherapeutics branch. Neuroimaging is an essential process for neurotherapeutics. In Europe, the second cause of disability-adjusted life years is mental illness or Neuropsychiatric disorders. About 27% of the adult population had experienced at least one of a series of mental disorders which includes problems arising from substance use, psychosis, depression, anxiety and eating disorders. Mental illness affects people of all ages, with a significant impact on many young people. The burden of mental illness is increasing day by day.

The brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system are the main components of the nervous system. Medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disorders which affect any of these components is what we can call as Neurosurgery or neurological. This track will primarily discuss on Spinal Neurosurgery, Brain Neurosurgery, Traumatic Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pituitary Neurosurgery.

Forensic child psychology involves understanding the fundamentals of the legal principles, particularly with regard to expert witness testimony and the specific content area of concern (e.g., competence to stand trial, child custody and visitation, or workplace discrimination), as well as relevant jurisdictional considerations in order to be able to interact appropriately with judges, attorneys and other legal professionals. It is the intersection between psychology and the justice system.

Neuroinformatics is the research field which is focussed on processing the neuroscience data via analytical tools and computational models. Integration and analysis of increasingly large-volume, high-dimensional and fine-grain experimental data can be done by the help of neuroinformatics. Data framework encompasses multi-type and multi-scale data including but not limited to Neuroscience Time Series, Atlas-Based, Brain Maps and Ontology data. Informatics System is exclusively designed to perform such functions. Applications and tools are featured for acquiring, storing, publishing, sharing, analyzing, modeling and prediction, simulation and visualization as a part of this system supporting Neuroscience research.

An emerging multidisciplinary field of medicine, Pediatric Nursing and Care is a new frontier in pediatric critical care and pediatric neurology. Improving the outcomes in critically ill pediatric patients with neurological illness or injury and limiting secondary brain injury through optimal critical care delivery and the support of brain function is the basic goal of neurocritical care. Pediatric traumatic brain injury and pediatric stroke falls under neurocritical care.

Neurocritical care is the specialty training in pediatric neurointensive care for pediatric intensivists and pediatric neurologists Neurocritical care has a broader application of neuromonitoring and neuroprotective strategies in the pediatric intensive care unit, in both primary neurological and primary non-neurological disease states.