Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery

Clinical neurophysiology is a therapeutic specialty that studies the central and peripheral nervous systems through the documentation of bioelectrical activity, whether spontaneous or stimulated. It involves the study of both pathophysiology along with clinical methods used to diagnosis both in peripheral and central nervous system. Examinations in clinical neurophysiology field are not limited to tests conducted in a laboratory. Tests which are conducted are concerned with measuring the electrical functions of the brain, nerves in the limbs & muscles and spinal cord.

Neurosurgery or neurological surgery is the medicinal specialty concerned with the prevention, examination, surgical treatment and improvement of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. A doctor who specializes in neurosurgery is known as Neurosurgeon they are not only brain surgeons, but they can medically train neurosurgical specialists who can also help patients suffering from back and neck pain along with other illnesses ranging from trigeminal neuralgia to head injury and Parkinson's disease.

The Central nervous system is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It is referred as central because it combines information from the entire body and coordinated activity over the whole organism. CNS disorders can affect either the brain or the spinal cord which conclusion in psychiatric disorders or neurological disorders. The causes of CNS diseases are the Pediatric Neurology, trauma, autoimmune disorders, infections, structural defects, degeneration and tumours. So here we target on mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia and autism. Meningitis is an almost rare infection that affects the delicate membranes called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. By infection or allergic reactions, inflammation of brain occurs, it is known as Encephalitis.

Neuromuscular disorders affect the nerves that control your own voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are the ones which we can control by our self like in your arms and legs. Your nerve cells also called as neurons, send the messages that control these muscles. When the neurons become delicate or die, communication between your nervous system and muscles breaks down. As a result, your muscles weaken and waste away this weakness can lead to twitching, cramps, aches, pains, and joint and movement problems. Frequently it also affects heart function and your ability to breathe.

Psychiatry is the restorative forte committed to the determination, avoidance, and treatment of the mental issue. This incorporate different maladaptation’s identified with disposition, conduct, comprehension, and observations. Introductory mental appraisal of a man ordinarily starts with a case history and mental status examination. Psychology is the science of behaviour and minds which including conscious and unconscious conditions as well as thought and feeling. Physical examinations and mental tests might be directed examples like neuroimaging or other neurophysiological procedures are utilized.

Spine disorders occur in individuals irrespective of their age -spina bifida in infants to spinal stenosis in the elderly. Causes of spinal cord disorders include mainly injuries, infections, blocked blood supply, and compression by a fractured bone or a tumor. The boost in spinal disorders has been met with a leap in advancements in the diagnostic techniques. Endoscopic spine, MRI, X- rays CT and DEA are some of the generally used tools in diagnosing spinal disorders.

Neurogenetic and neurometabolic abnormalities are disorders that affect how the brain functions. They occur in young children of all ages, races and genders. Neurogenetic disease is the umbrella term of chronic diseases which describe the brain abnormalities that occur following changes in the genes of the child and these cause certain brain cells to develop and function abnormally. In the case of neurometabolic abnormalities; these disorders result from problems in the enzymes of the body’s cells which are either unable to either use foods to produce the energy the cell needs, or get rid of the breakdown products of the foods used.

Neuropharmacology is the examination of how drugs influence cellular function in the nervous system and the neural system through which they influence behaviour. There are two branches of neuropharmacology behavioural and molecular. Behavioural mainly focuses on the study of how drugs that affects human behaviour (neuropsychopharmacology) including the study of how drug dependence and addiction affect the human brain. Molecular neuropharmacology involves the study of neurons and their neurochemical communication with the overall goal of developing drugs that have beneficial effects on neurological function.

Neuroscience sometimes called as neural science, and it is one of the most specialized fields of medicine in the world. This field of drug focuses on the health of the nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience nurse is a nursing professional that advice patients suffering from neurological problems like injuries such as head and spinal trauma from accidents or disorder such as Parkinson’s disease, meningitis, encephalitis, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience nurses also effort with patients suffering from strokes and birth defects that have affected the nervous system.

Neuroimmunology a branch of immunology that deals especially with the interrelationships of the nervous system and immune responses and autoimmune disorders. Its deals with particularly fundamental and applied neurobiology, Pediatric Neurology, neuropathology, neurochemistry, neurovirology, neuroendocrinology, neuromuscular research, neuropharmacology and psychology, which involve either immunologic methodology (e.g. immunocytochemistry) or fundamental immunology (e.g. antibody and lymphocyte assays).

The abnormal cell growth and sudden reactions taking place from central nervous system results in brain tumour. Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, which are very dangerous and life-threatening. Astrocytoma, glioblastoma, glioma, multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem tumours are some of the examples. Surgery may in some cases be the medicinal but malignant brain cancers turn to regenerate and emerge from absolution easily, especially highly malignant cases.

Neuroplasticity is also known as brain plasticity and neural plasticity that encompasses the two synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity and it refers to advance in neural pathways and synapses due to difference in behaviour, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions  as well as to changes resulting from bodily. The goal of this session is to understand the brain plasticity advances in neurite remodelling and how to increase neural connections. Neurorehabilitation is a medical process which aims to aid recovery from nervous system damage and to minimize or compensate for any functional alterations resulting from it.

Neuropathology is the study of pathology focused on the disease of the brain, spinal cord, and neural tissue. This consists of both central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Neuropathologists usually work in a department of anatomic pathology for a diagnosis. Tissue analysis appears from either surgical biopsies or post mortem autopsies and this tissue samples include muscle fibbers and nervous tissue. It’s also related to forensic pathology because brain disease or brain injury can be related to brain death.

Neurocardiology is the study of neurophysiological, neurological and neuroanatomical aspects of cardiology especially including the neurological origins of cardiac disorders. It also refers to the pathophysiological interplays of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.  The effects of stress on the heart are studied in terms of the heart's interactions with the two peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. Scientific issues in neurocardiology include hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy, cerebral embolism and encephalopathy, neurologic sequelae of cardiac and thoracic surgery, cardiac interventions, and cardiovascular findings in patients with primary neurological disease.

A stroke is a "brain attack". It can appear to anyone at any time when poor blood flow to an area of brain and results in cell death. When this happens brain cells are dispossessed of oxygen and begin to die. When brain cells die during a stroke it controls ability by that area of the brain such as memory and muscle control is lost.

Pediatric Neurology critical care/Intensive care is one of the newest and fastest–growing specialties in medicine today. It is a medical field that treats life-threatening diseases of the nervous system determine, prevents secondary brain injury. The doctors who process this type of medicine are called neurointensivists and can have medical education in many fields including Pediatric Neurology, emergency, anesthesiology medicine, internal medicine, or neurosurgery. Common diseases treated in neurointensive care units include strokes, brain and spinal cord injury from trauma, ruptured aneurysms, seizures, swelling of the brain, infections of the brain and the brains or spine's meninges, brain tumours and deficiency of the muscles required to breathe.